Growing Materials: Mycelium-Based Leather, Packaging & Bioplastics

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Growing Materials: Mycelium-Based Leather, Packaging & Bioplastics

Turning agricultural waste and invasive plants into living, biodegradable materials

Narrative Description

What if the leather, packaging, and building materials of the future weren't manufactured but grown? Primos Tešec, a microbiologist who has worked with fungi for years, has spent the last several years exploring exactly that — using mycelium, the root-like network that forms the body of a fungus, as a binder to turn waste biomass into solid, usable materials.
The process starts with whatever a community already has too much of: sawdust, straw, or — in one striking case — the biomass of invasive plants cleared from an abandoned plot in the middle of Ljubljana. That waste becomes food and scaffolding for the mycelium, which grows through it for about five to six days, binding the particles into a solid block. The result can become packaging, insulation, furniture, or even a leather substitute — fully biodegradable, vegan, and grown from materials that would otherwise be discarded.
One of the most striking lessons from this work is fragility, not of the material, but of the field around it: broad patents filed by commercial interests discourage open experimentation worldwide. Primos's response has been the opposite of secrecy — running workshops, sharing process, and treating an "abandoned wasteland" as a site of biodiversity and material abundance rather than something worthless.

Technical Snapshot

The core process: pasteurize a waste substrate (sawdust, invasive-plant biomass), inoculate it with mycelium grown on grain, pack it into a mold, and let it grow for 5–6 days before demolding and letting a protective "skin" form. Depending on substrate and finishing, the result ranges from rigid insulation blocks to a flexible, dyeable mycelium "leather" (using natural dyes such as avocado pits for color), as well as mycelium-based paper made from turkey tail mushroom fiber. The material is genuinely alive while growing — fresh pieces left in contact can fuse together through "bio-welding." Known limits: vulnerability to moisture and insect attack, which currently restricts its use in permanent construction without further development.
A full technical breakdown — substrate ratios, mold/curing process, the patent landscape, and material limitations — is available in the [linked technical PDF].

Practitioners
Primos Tešec — Microbiologist, mushroom cultivation specialist and workshop organiser
Rok Oblak — Designer, Crater Cup/Capsule project
Organizations & Communities
Gnjak — Slovenia
Crater collective — Ljubljana, Slovenia — including an abandoned urban site used as material sourcing ground
Related Technologies & Resources

Open material databases →

a free, open repository of next-generation material recipes (mycelium, algae, fruit-waste leathers, etc.)

Off-grid & circular systems

cross-reference with energy and water entries in the catalog

Media & Sources

crater.se →

details on the Crater Cup/Capsule and "Forbidden Vernaculars" projects

Literature

Primos Tešec's workshop materials via Gnjak